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福柯思想与教育 : 一种后现代的视角
陈 松
福柯的逝世使其成为一个谜一样的人物，但正是这个谜一样的人物却给二十世纪，乃至二十一世纪学术界带来无尽的反响。正如当今的后现代主义思想潮流脱离不了法国的后结构主义一样，后结构主义同样脱离不了它的领军人物——米歇尔·福柯。基于国内外对福柯思想的挖掘和研究，本文试图从教育的视角对福柯的后现代思想进行研究。 福柯以其后现代主张的激进而著称。作为二十世纪著名的、激进的后现代主义者，福柯本人虽然没有就教育有专门的著作，但国外教育界却认为福柯是后现代主义者（如德里达、拉康、利奥塔等）中论述教育较多、对教育最有影响的一位。福柯意义上的主体、话语、话语霸权、权力、规训等都成为当今教育耳熟能详的新兴词汇，在教育界引起了深刻的反响。可以说，不了解福柯就无法深刻地把握当今后现代主义教育观的精神实质。 作为对福柯思想的“考古”，本文遵循福柯的思想轨迹，根据其话题的新颖多样、思想的诡异多变等特点，以话语考古学、权力谱系学、主体伦理学等为分水岭，着重探究福柯的基本思想特点以及话语观、权力观、主体伦理观等对现代教育的启示。论文分为三个部分： 第一部分论述了福柯的基本思想特征。福柯以话题的多样、批判的独特而著称，但其基本的东西仍脱离不了时代的背景。结构主义、人文主义等是福柯的主要批判对象。 第二部分论述了福柯思想对教育的启示。在福柯的著述中，话语观、权力观和伦理观是其思想发展中的三个里程碑。由于福柯并没有使这三个方面成为一个完整的理论（福柯反对的就是所谓的真理、理论），勉强地使这三个方面统一反而会破坏福柯思想的实质。因此，本文从话语、权力、主体角度三方面分开讨论福柯思想对教育的启示，以体会福柯批判思想的实质。 第三部分就福柯的思想做一个简要的评述。 本文对福柯思想的挖掘还不够完善，希望在进一步的研究中能够得到不断的补充和进步。 中文关键词：米歇尔.福柯 话语 权力 后现代教育 Foucault and Education:A postmodern perspective Foucault ' s passing away makes him like a mystery in the field of educational philosophy. This great man has brought so many important things into academia in 20th century, even in 21st century. Just as post-modernism cannot depart from post-structuralism in French, post-structuralism cannot forget his leader: Michael Foucault. This article is based on the thoughts of Foucault ， which so many people in the field of education have studied in the past. In this article, I will further make clear what Foucault has told us. As a famous and radical post-modernist, Foucault himself did not talk about education specially. But the philosophers in the field of education consider Foucault as a most important and influencing scholar who has discussed education in post-modernists (Derrida, Lacan, Lyotard, etc). Main body, discourse, discourse hegemony, power and discipline in Foucault ' s sense have become familiar to us in today ' s education. Foucault gave a particular meaning to those words. Somebody has declared that if we could not grasp Foucault ' s thoughts, we could not understand the essence of post-modernism education. As archaeology of Foucault ' s thoughts, this article follows the track of Foucault ' s changeful topic, tricky thoughts. It will explore the basic characteristic of Foucault ' s thoughts and his viewpoints of discourse, power and ethic based on the divide of archaeology of knowledge, genealogy of power and ethic of main body. This article basically consists of three parts as follow: In the first part, I will state the basic characteristic of Foucault ' s thoughts. Foucault was famous for his changeful topic and vivid critique. But the basic things in his thoughts could not deviate from the background of his time. Structuralism or humanism was the main object that Foucault had attacked. In the second part, I will illuminate some inspirations we can learn from Foucault ' s thoughts. Discourse, power and ethic are made up of three landmarks in the development of Foucault ' s thoughts. Because Foucault did not make them form a whole theory, which Foucault was mainly opposed to, it would not beadvisable to consolidate them as a whole statement in this article. So in this article, I will discuss them respectively. I believe in this way we would better understand what Foucault has told us. The third part will be a chief conclusion. Of course, my study is not perfect. Maybe it is just a start in my study of Foucault. My further study will continue researching this great man. （责任编辑：王萌）
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