卢梭教育思想中的几个理论问题

牛媛媛

    本文选择卢梭作为研究课题是基于他对儿童及儿童权利的关注。现代社会处于急剧变革和转型期，如何发挥教育的功效，保持和发展儿童固有的天性，不流失自我。这不仅成为教育研究的重要问题，也成为每个社会成员需要面对和解决的现实问题。
    论文分为三大部分。
    第一部分主要分析卢梭所处的时代、《爱弥儿》的创作过程和卢梭教育思想的性格特征。任何一个思想的产生与时代背景都有密切的关系。启蒙运动在当时政治、经济、文化和教育领域都发生了变革性的影响；《爱弥儿》的创作经历了一系列的过程，并且与卢梭的生平密切相关，同时他还借鉴吸收了诸多前辈教育家的思想，当然与他个人的努力也是分不开的；卢梭所表达的思想内容无不带有天赋人权说、浪漫主义及自然主义的性格特征。
    第二部分主要探讨卢梭教育思想中的几个理论问题。（ 1 ）消极教育。由于人性本善，孩子获取幸福的需要以及人的自然发展性，卢梭提出消极教育的思想。通过对典型案例的分析，得出消极教育的几个特征。（ 2 ）智育和劳育。首先分析智育开展的基础，接着具体探讨智育的内容，内容的选择和确定始终要遵循“需要”和“效用”法则。启发式的方法、学习与道德的契合、直观的实物教学都成为卢梭教学方法的特色。而智育和劳育共同进行的目的是为了追求个人真正的独立地位。（ 3 ）德育和情感教育。儿童最初只是单个人接受指导，等到与他人发生一些社会关系后，道德才开始产生。友情、同情、情欲的产生，这些情感都是在与他人交往的基础上产生的。如何正确认识和对待情感的发生发展成为德育主要的内容和形式。（ 4 ）性别教育。正确认识男女两性根本的区别——性不同的基础上，着重分析女性教育的原则和具体内容。这一问题的探讨重点突出要借鉴卢梭研究教育问题的角度和思路，这也是对卢梭性别教育思想的总体认识和评价。（ 5 ）公民教育。公民教育是卢梭实现其政治理想的重要方式，关于公民教育思想的阐述散见于其他一些相关的论述中，包括有《论政治经济学》中的公民教育、日内瓦的公共教育、波兰的新教育等。在《关于波兰政府筹议》中，卢梭系统表达了公民教育的思想，包括公民教育的目的、波兰的民族教师、波兰的国家教育。
    第三部分为论文的总结，分两大问题进行讨论。第一，对卢梭教育思想的总体评价。卢梭在教育价值的选择、教育目的确定、教育内容和方法上都提出了全新的教育理念。在卢梭教育思想的讨论中，有两个问题值得提出：（ 1 ）关于阶段教育的年龄划分问题；（ 2 ）关于追求教育自由的问题。第二，卢梭教育思想不仅在法国，而且对近现代的欧美教育都产生了深远的影响。卢梭思想传到欧洲后，受到了女子们的普遍欢迎；对欧美诸多教育家都产生过影响，例如，德国的巴泽多、赫德尔（ Herder ）、康德，瑞士的裴斯泰洛齐、福禄贝尔（ Friedrich Wilhelm Frobel ）等，杜威和埃里奥特也都曾对卢梭思想对美国教育的影响做出过总结和高度的评价。
 
中文关键词 ：卢梭 教育 人性

several theory issues of Rousseau's educational thinking

    Several Theory Issues of Rousseau ' s Education Thinking Abstract This paper chooses Rousseau as the research point, primarily because Rousseau paid more attention to the children and the rights of children. With the modern society transforming greatly, people must face with a lot of social problems, for example, how to develop the educational effect to keep the nature of children, and not running off the ego. The paper is divided three parts. The first part includes the times of Rousseau, the composition of Emile and the characteristic of Rousseau's educational thought. Enlightenment influenced politics, economy, the culture and education of that time. For the composition of Emile, Rousseau experienced a series of courses. At the same time he still absorbed a lot of thought of many elder educators and made many efforts by himself. Rousseau's thought related with the saying of talent human rights, romanticism and naturalism. The second part primarily studies a few theories of Rousseau's educational thought. (1) Negative education. Rousseau set forth this kind of education because of good nature of human being and the need of children getting happiness and natural development of human being. The author sum up several characters of negative education by analyzing some typical examples. (2) The intellectual education and labor education. The author mainly analyses the content and some methods of the intellectual education. For pursuing the personal real independent position, children must accept the intellectual education and the labor education. (3) Moral education and the emotional education. The central content of moral is the relationship of human being, namely emotion. So the important task of moral education is how to understand and deal with all kinds of emotion. (4) Sex education. On the basis of the difference of sex, this part mainly analyzes the principle and the content of the women's education. Rousseau teaches us how to study education here. (5) Citizen education. There are a lot of thoughts on citizen education in Rousseau's other works, such as political economy, the public education of Genovese, considerations on the government of Poland. In the last of three works, Rousseau set forth his thinking on citizen education, which include the aims of the education and the national teacher of Poland and national education of Poland . The third part is the thesis's summary. The author would discuss two problems, the total evaluation towards Rousseau's educational thoughts and the influence on many countries of occident. In addition, I also set forth two problems to be worthy studying: (1) the grading of age in the field of education. (2) How to pursue the freedom of human being in the field of education.

Keywords ： rousseau ;education; human ;nature

作者简介： 牛媛媛 , 女，华东师范大学 教育科学学院 2001 级硕士研究生。

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